Sole Trader v Limited Company
A difficult question that the self-employed face is whether to trade as a sole trader/partnership or to trade as a limited company. However, the answer isn’t definitive and is dependent on many factors ranging from the type of business you are running to the type of person you are. Whichever one you choose has different implications for tax, legal and financial responsibilities. The aim of this article is to give you an insight to the advantages and disadvantages in terms of tax purposes of being a sole trader/in a partnership or forming your own limited company. Hopefully it will inform you on the structure most beneficial to you. Legality As a sole trader, you are the business. You have full control and ownership of the business and are able to manage it in any way you like. On the contrary, a limited company is its own legal entity. Instead you serve the company as a director of the company and act as a shareholder. In most cases, you are considered as an employee but this status is not automatically granted in terms of Employment Law, the National Minimum Wage or for Tax Credits. Tax – Sole Trader You are subject to income tax on the taxable profits of your business. For the tax year 2013/14, you pay 20% tax on income between £0 - £32,010 and 40% tax on income between £32,010 - £150,000. Income above £150,000 is taxed at 45%. The personal allowance amount for persons aged under 65 is £9,440. You are also required to pay Class 2 & 4 National Insurance contributions (NIC). Class 2 NIC are at a flat rate of £2.70 per week. However, you may not need to pay Class 2 NIC if your earnings are below £5,725 for the whole year. Visit http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/working/intro/class2.htm to see if you may be exempt from paying Class 2 NIC. Class 4 NIC is calculated based on your profits for the year. For 2013/14, you pay 9% on annual profits between £7,755 and £41,450 and then 2% on any amount over that. Any trading losses you incur on your business can be offset against other your income to reduce your tax liabilities. Tax – Limited Company For a limited company, it pays corporation tax on its taxable profits. Company tax rates are lower than the higher rates of income tax. If you are employed under your company and taking a salary, your earnings from that employment are subject to income tax and Class 1 NIC due through PAYE (Pay As You Earn). The amount you pay is dependent on your earnings. Shareholders of the company who are on a higher tax bracket may have to pay higher a higher tax rate on any dividend income they receive. Losses from the company can only be offset against its other income but not against your income as an individual. What does it all mean? Now for most people, the above two paragraphs may have been not only been of little help but confused you further. Here is a scenario that will make things easier to understand and hopefully give you enough information to aid you in that important decision. You have a trading income of £16,000 pre tax and wish to extract all the profits for yourself. As a sole trader, you will be taxed at 20% for any income in excess of your personal allowance. The total tax liability including the Class 2 & 4 NIC amounts approximately to £2,181 (assuming 48 weeks and available personal allowance of £9,440). The tax calculation for a limited company is slightly more complex as you have more flexibility in how you distribute the income. For simplicity sake, you take the minimum annual wage that is not liable for PAYE tax or NIC which is around £7,000. Company profits under £300,000 are taxed at a rate of 20%. Taxable profits is £9,000 and amounts to a corporation tax liability of £1,800. This leaves £7,200 to be distributed as dividend which is taxed at 10% for income below the earnings threshold of £32,010. The total tax paid equates to £2,520. In this scenario, it is marginally better to see that remaining as a sole trader is more beneficial as you pay much less tax. However, calculations may differ depending on the trading income and how much salary you take. The general idea is that as your trading income increases, its becomes more and more beneficial to trade as a limited company than as a sole trader (40% income tax versus 20% corporation tax). Just a Final Note You are better off trading as a sole trader for tax purposes if your annual trading profits are not high. However, many businesses opt to form limited companies for reasons that extend past tax issues. Should the business fail, you will not be personally liable for its debts if you were a limited company. If you plan to sell the business after a few year then limited is again a better choicAlso if you plan to expand the business then getting finance for your business may be easier if you were a limited company. There are many varying circumstances that makes being one more appealing than the other but if you still appear unsure then just contact us and we’ll be sure to offer you tailored expert advice to aid your decision. By Wilson Law at Tax Affinity Accountants Tax Affinity Accountants are experts in Tax and Accountancy. Based in Kingston upon Thames they are considered in the Finance Industry to be the small business experts. Helping and supporting business throughout the UK, they regularly help new and established businesses with valuable support. For more information visit www.taxaffinity.com. To read more interesting articles like this visit www.taxaffinity.com/blog. Please feel free to comment and share this with your friends. Keep your Business Cash Flow in check.
The success of your business is dependent on the way you manage the cash flow of the business. A business could be highly profitable but still default if it does not meet its short term debts. There may be times when it is unavoidable to experience cash flow reductions, such as spending your reserved cash on new capital or suffering from unexpected weather conditions that forces the business to close for a while. However, it is definitely unhealthy for the business to suffer cash flow problems on a regular basis and it may cause harm for the business in the long term. Good cash flow management and contingency planning will allow majority of these problems to vanish. Here are a few ideas on how you can improve your cash flow cycle. Operating at a Loss Many new businesses may operate at a loss in their first few years of trading. The costs of starting up a business normally exceed profits. However, if the business is over 3 years old and still making a loss, it may be of your best interest to carefully monitor your expenditure to ensure that money is not spent needlessly or on the wrong things. Having a Clear System A good system can ease out any fluctuations in your cash flow cycle. For example, a service provider can think about taking an upfront deposit of any project it undertakes or charging on a completion basis. Not only will it keep money available for short term use but allows more effective tax planning as profits is smoothed over periods. Keeping Up-to-Date It is good practice to review your credit control on a specific day every week. Keeping a routine check-up allows you to clearly identify what has been paid, what is pending and what is late. Paying your Bills by their Due Date You should always pay your bills on time. However, it is better to pay your bills as close to the due date as possible. It is advisable to pay around 3-4 days before the due date so that any issues arising in regards to the payment can be rectified in time. Giving Customer Incentives for Early Payment Offering discounts to new customers to encourage prompt payment can be beneficial for your company cash flow. Bear in mind that discounts should not be too deep otherwise it will eat into your profit margins. You can also offer discounts to recurring customers that make large payments in order to reduce the risk of cash flow problems arising from delayed payments. Penalties for the Late Often people do not react to rewards quite the way they react to punishments. Giving customers a penalty fine for any late payments will likely grab their attention and prioritise you on their payment list. Don’t be too harsh on late payments though as others may have temporary issues with their cash flows and imposing a penalty may end up hurting business relations. Saving for a Rainy Day Unexpected occurrences and accidents can happen out of the blue. Make sure you put aside some reserves for one of those “emergency” situations. Not all situations can be accounted for but having enough funds to deal with the likely ones can let you breathe a bit easier. Seeking Professional Help Many businesses struggle to keep their finances in check. The unfamiliarity of running a business and being unable to cope with numbers can be a grinding headache for business owners. An easy way to relieve the ongoing stress is by hiring an expert bookkeeper like Tax Affinity. They can advise you on managing your costs, list strategies to improve your revenue and also handle your tax affairs all. You can now focus on driving your business forward rather than being worried about the upcoming loan repayment. Take note on how the company finances are handled so that you are able to step in if needed. By Wilson Law at Tax Affinity. Tax Affinity Accountants are considered in the market to be experts in Tax and Accountancy in the UK. Based in Kingston upon Thames they have clients are right across the UK as well as Europe, Middle East and North America. For more information visit www.taxaffinity.com. To read more interesting articles like this visit www.taxaffinity.com/blog. Please feel free to comment and share this with your friends. Tips for Reducing Business Costs
If you own your own company, you will inevitably seek to bring in more business and increase revenues in order to boost your bottom line profit. However, equally crucial to final profit are your business costs. If you can cut down on unnecessary expenses and implement some simple cost-cutting strategies, you will make that all important difference and give yourself an edge over your competitors. Here are 10 basic ideas on potential cost-saving techniques: 1) Energy Costs- Investing in energy-saving office equipment has two key benefits. Firstly, you will pay less on future energy bills due to the more efficient nature of the appliances. And secondly, many energy efficient technologies are 100% tax deductible in the year of purchase according to the Enhanced Capital Allowance (ACA) scheme. You can write off the entire cost of energy saving appliances against profits, including: boilers; combined heat and power (CHP); lighting; pipe work insulation; and refrigeration. 2) Telephone and Internet Costs- Telephone and internet costs can be a significant overhead cost for some businesses. Landlines are expensive so make sure you don’t use them unnecessarily. Joint plans for internet and phone can help to save costs. Furthermore, consider automated phone attendants in order to save on staff costs, BUT make sure you don’t compromise your client service with long waits on hold. 3) Cash Flow- This is arguably the most important factor in the health of your business. In order to keep a healthy cash flow you should be wary of extending credit to your customers. You could perhaps offer small discounts for early payments and consider charging penalties for late payments (although this must be carefully outlined in contracts/invoices etc.). 4) Online Marketing- Rather than overspending on unnecessary advertising, make the most of the new trends towards online marketing through social media such as Facebook and Twitter. This is an extremely easy and inexpensive way to save money, whilst still increasing brand awareness. 5) Work From Home- Depending on the nature of your business it is certainly worth considering working from home. Aside from an obvious increase in flexibility, you will also be saving considerably on costs from commuting and maintaining an office. Furthermore, a proportion of your home expenses can be deducted from your taxable profits. Tax savings can be made on a range of household expenses, including: a proportion of utilities bills; repairs and maintenance directly related to your business space; mortgage interest; council tax; and rent. 6) Bulk Buying- As a business owner you are entitled to an account with wholesalers such as Costco or Booker, amongst others. You should certainly take advantage of bulk buying discounts. However, in order to maximise cost savings, you must consider whether buying in bulk is cost effective in each case for your business. For example, just because the cost per unit of pens, for example, is lower than an individual pen, this doesn’t necessarily mean you should purchase 1000 pens. Small businesses should only buy what they need in order to save costs and avoid waste. 7) Group Buying- Joining buying groups of multiple small businesses can greatly expand the buying power of smaller companies. The Forum of Private Business recently teamed up with Buying Support Agency (BSA) to offer group buying discounts in order to vastly reduce costs on routine items for small businesses. Equally, SME Discounts is a group-buying site offering substantial (up to 90%) discounts on business products such as marketing, operations, IT and B2B products and services. 8) Buy Second-hand- Office equipment can easily be bought second-hand as other businesses and organisations look to sell. Assuming you are careful, there are some great deals to be had for equipment that is as good as new and this can really help to reduce the costs of setting up an office. 9) Inventory- Try not to hold an excessive amount of inventory if you are unlikely to shift it in the short term. Inventory that is being sold is essentially just company money sitting on the shelf and this greatly impacts on your bottom line. Be nimble with your stock levels to react to consumer demand but don’t overstock your business as this cash could be spent more effectively elsewhere. 10) Staff Costs- Employee wages are often the most significant cost to a small business. Employees are in most cases crucial to the success of your business so you don’t want to alienate them by cutting wages. However, you may consider reducing hours slightly in unproductive areas of the business. In addition, look for interns or inexperienced hires that can perform certain tasks for a lower fee, or nothing at all. Finally, consider outsourcing certain areas of your business in order to save on time and cost. Payroll, for example, is an area that doesn’t add much value to your business and can be time consuming, so it may be wise to subcontract such an activity. By Tom Hoadley at Tax Affinity. Tax Affinity Accountants are experts in Tax and Accountancy in the UK. Based in Kingston upon Thames they have clients right across the UK as well as Europe, Middle East and North America. For more information visit www.taxaffinity.com. To read more interesting articles like this visit www.taxaffinity.com/blog. Please feel free to comment and share this with your friends. Driving Sales in the Current Economic Climate
The frenzy of the bullish market looked unstoppable to many people; even the so called professionals of the financial market were caught up in the typhoon of prosperity. The share market was booming, business profits were skyrocketing, property prices were ever increasing and consumer spending was at an all time high. However, the path to everlasting wealth was halted by the global financial crisis of 2007-08. The crisis threatened the collapse of major financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments and the largest slump in the stock markets to date. The effects resulted in a global recession that lasted till 2012. Things have started to look better in 2013. There has been high confidence in stock markets, the housing market has been growing at a healthy rate and people are beginning to spend again. It is probably safe to say that we are currently in a boom. But how can you as a small business benefit from this? Here are a few points you can consider to boost your sales in the current economic climate. Tapping into New Markets You may begin noticing changes in your customer base. Customers that your service or product may not usually target for may start to appear due to changes in their economic circumstances. Goods which are income elastic (sensitive to changes in income) will usually see a rise in demand when people have more disposable income. Consumers may switch to more premium versions of a product when they can afford to do so. Therefore it is important for businesses to react to such changes in their customer base and expand their marketing to cover new markets. Make sure your product is of good quality as consumers may switch to alternatives if they consider your product to be inferior. Providing the Best Customer Service With new faces showing up to your business at a daily basis you may start to think that giving good customer service will not matter much. Unfortunately, history shows that although economic booms can last a while; they do not last forever. It is crucial that the standard of customer service remains high as it is the returning customers that will keep your business above the water when times become tough again. And when the times are good, it can only have a positive effect on sales. Bringing in Talented People Some businesses may struggle to cope with the surge in demand and begin to crumble under pressure. Costs will rise significantly in order to meet with unexpected demand, short-term liabilities may be unmet because of poor cash flow management and staff may feel overburdened due to a lack of training or experience in handling the new unforeseen problems. It is important to know the limitations of your workforce and accept the fact that the business may be growing at a rate that you can’t keep up. There are several ways to tackle these issues. You can hire staffs that are more experienced at working in a fast-paced environment. Another way is to have your personal accountants offer you advice on how to manage your business more efficiently and keep your costs down. Having access to professional guidance provides you the necessary knowledge for success. Cheap Borrowing Take advantage of cheap money from banks. Interest rates are generally lower and the terms to borrowing are more flexible during times of economic growth. This means that it is usually the most optimal time to borrow money and expand your business. Whether that may be to fund a new project, replace old equipment or train your staff; being ready for increases in demand can help reduce unexpected costs and accelerate business growth if planned correctly. Just be sure that you can meet the regular interest payments to avoid soiling the credit worthiness of your business. Work Harder Businesses that operate in accordance to changes in the season will know how difficult it is to keep afloat during periods of closure. For example, a sea side restaurant may get around 75% of its annual revenue during the summer time alone and will probably not be open for business during the winter season. Similarly, businesses may decide to open their business for fewer days of the week or cut their opening times if they face a slump in sales. In order to truly maximise the benefit of a booming economy, a business must be in business to attain such benefits. It will be difficult to see a significant rise in profits if your business is open for only four hours a day while your competitors get quadruple your profits rewards for working an extra four hours. Remember that once fixed costs are covered, any revenue in excess of its variable cost is pure profit. By Wilson Law at Tax Affinity. Tax Affinity Accountants are considered in the market to be experts in Tax and Accountancy in the UK. Based in Kingston upon Thames they have clients right across the UK as well as Europe, Middle East and North America. For more information visit www.taxaffinity.com. To read more interesting articles like this visit www.taxaffinity.com/blog. Please feel free to comment and share this with your friends. Improve the profitability of your small business
Statistics show that around two-thirds of small businesses failed to make a profit last year or increase their profit at all. However, people do not realise how much a small change can impact a business. Making a series of small changes can increase profitability more than making one big change. Here are some suggestions you can take to increase your profit. Revenue and Costs – The Direct and Indirect In basic terms, revenue minus costs equates to profit. So to increase your profit you can either increase your sales or reduce your costs. Many businesses may have little control over the amount of sales they do but all businesses should have control over their costs. Negotiating prices with suppliers can be a key factor to reducing your direct costs. Many businesses tend to stick with one supplier and not negotiate prices but being aware of market prices can increase your bargaining power and potentially save you a lot of money. Costs that could be regularly reviewed in your business include insurance, utilities, mobile/telephone charges and Internet. Ways to decrease your overheads and indirect costs are less obvious compared to direct costs. A good way to lower your indirect costs is to improve your systems. For example, switching from a paper based system to an electronic system to keep important records and manage documents can help reduce your administration costs and minimises the chances for errors. It may be good business practice to review your systems on an annual basis and to seek input from staff from future improvements. Marketing and visibility It can be a very difficult task for small businesses to get their name out and having a small marketing budget doesn’t help either. One thing to keep in mind is not the size of the budget but the effectiveness of your marketing. Understanding your target audience is vital to promoting the awareness of your business. For example, as a local fish and chips shop located near a high school, you can offer a meal deal for students. The sales promotion will help attract one of your key target audiences and possibly increase the reputation of your shop through word of mouth. Also, make sure your advertisements are tailored towards your target audience. Hearing back from 10% of 200 people is better than 1% out of 1000 people. Certifications and accreditations can help put you ahead of your competitors. With the Internet being such a huge platform for communication, it is definitely to your advantage to go online. Try setting up a user friendly company website or use social media sites to increase the awareness of your business. It is a cheap and effective way of promoting your business to prospective customers. Managing your Cash Flow Interests on loans may seem insignificant at one point in time but it quickly accumulates to realisable figures that can put a dent on your profitability. Try keeping a reserve of cash that can be used to cover your current liabilities i.e. short-term loans and interests on long term loans. Having a healthy cash flow can reduce the problems you face if a short-term commitment arises. Key Performance Indicators Analysing key indicators can give light to areas of improvement for a business. Common indicators include actual sales figures against forecasts, costs against budgets, gross profit margin and staff costs. Get advice from your accountant to ensure you’re monitoring the right indicators for your business as staff tends to work towards them whether they are critical to the business or not. The Real Gems of your business In particular to small businesses, every staff member has the opportunity to spread your company’s message. Everyone needs to contribute: whether that is networking on the web, promoting sale offers or greeting customers with a smile, every small thing matters. Get them to be as motivated as you are by encouraging self-development. Reward employees who make an effort to represent the business in and out of work. By Wilson Law at Tax Affinity. Tax Affinity Accountants are considered in the market to be experts in Tax and Accountancy in the UK. Based in Kingston upon Thames they have clients right across the UK as well as Europe, Middle East and North America. For more information visit www.taxaffinity.com. To read more interesting articles like this visit www.taxaffinity.com/blog. Please feel free to comment and share this with your friends. |
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